AWS C4.4/C4.4M:2004

This document describes methods and techniques for shaping and straightening metal parts (including steel plate, pipes, angles, channel, T bar, and compound structures) by careful application of heat. It presents the theory and mathematical formulas for developing heat shaping patterns. Other topics include oxyfuel gas equipment (torches, tips, regulators, fuel gases, gas cylinders, and bulk supply); torch procedures for spot, line and V heating patterns; and safety procedures. Figures show the locations for placement of heating patterns to obtain desired results for straightening, forming, or bending operations.